Transuranic element, composition thereof, and methods for producing, separating and purifying same



Sept. 19, 1961 A.

TRANSURANIC ELEMENT, coMPosITIoN'THEREoF, AND

C WAHL METHODS FOR PRODUCING, SEPARATING Filed Dec. 27, 1945 AND PURIFYING SAME 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 FIEL n to r Sept' 19, 1961 A. c. WAHL 3,000,697

TRANSUEANIO ELEMENT, COMPOSITION TEEEEOE, AND

METHODS EOE PRODUOING, SEPAEATING AND PURIEYING SAME M fm2, afl/sal; Was/5 mpx@ wsrf@ paoz YZ0 FIE-Z- Sept. 19, 1961 A. c. WAI-M 3,000,697

TRANSURANIC ELEMENT, COMPOSITION THEREOF, AND

METHODS F' OR PRODUCING, SEPARATING AND PURIFYING SAME Filed Dec. 27, 1945 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 Sept. 19, 1961 A. C. WAHL Filed Dec. 27, 1945 AND PURIFYING SAME 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 FIE- United States Patent O 3,000,697 Y TRANSURANIC ELEMENT, COMPOSITION 'EI-ERROR AND METHDS FR PRODUC- ING, SEPARATlNG AND PURIFYING SAME Arthur C. Wahl, Santa Fe, N Mex., assigner to the United States of America as represented by the United States Atomic Energy Commission Filed Dec. 27, 1945, Ser. No. 637,487 4 Claims. (Cl. 2li-14.5)

This invention relates to a new chemical element of atomic number 94, to novel isotopes, compounds and compositions thereof, and to methods for producing, separating, and purifying same. Y

The term element 94 is used through this specification to designate the element having atomic number 94. Element 94 is also referred to in this specification as plutonium, symbol Pu. Likewise, element 93 means the element having atomic number 93, which is also referred to as neptunium, symbol Np. Reference hereinto any of the elements is to be understood as denoting the element generically, whether in its free state, or in the form of a compound, unless otherwise indicated by the context.

The apparent discovery of transuranic elements was iirst announced by Enrico Fermi in 1934. At that time, Fermi stated that the bombardment of uranium with neutrons gave beta activities which. he attributed to transuranic elements of atomic number 93 and possibly higher. From 1934 to 1938 other workers, notably VHahn and Curie extended this work. But in 1939, Hahn discovered that the elements which he and others had believed to be transuranic elements were in fact radioactive elements of intermediate atomic weights produced by the fission of uranium. Hahns results were subsequently confirmed, and a great many other ssion products in addition to those first found by Hahn were discovered and identified. weight than uranium, generally of atomic numbers in the middle of the periodic system.

So far as is known, prior to about June 1940, no positive evidence was found indicating the existence of any transuranic element. However, in lune 1940, E. Mc- Millan and P. Abelson published in the Physical Review, 57, 1185 (1940) their discovery that a 2.3 day activity produced by the bombardment of uranium with neutrons was an isotope of element 93, probably 93239. Although it was assumed that the initial produce of the beta-decay of the 93 isotope of 2.3 day half-life would be' a nucleus of atomic number 94, there was no proof that any su'ch 94 nucleus could have more than an' ephemeral' existence before undergoing spontaneous disintegration. McMillan and Abelson found no evidence of the production. of. any daughter product from their 93 isotope, and, in fact did not even obtain the 93 isotope itself in pureV or useful form.

The present invention relates to transuranic isotopes other than the 93239 isotope of McMillan and Abelson, and particularly to the various isotopes of a new element 94.

One aspect of the present invention relates to novel methods for the production of element 94. An object of this phase of the invention is to provide processes for the production of element 94 from uranium by nuclear reactions. A further object' of this phase ofthe present invention is to provide processes for the production of various isotopes of element 94 by nuclear reactions initiated by the bombardment of natural uranium by subatomic particles. The neptunium isotopes 93228 and 93239 may be produced by the bombardment of uranium Ywith high energy deuterons. The uranium to be' bombarded may be the pure isotope 92232but is conveniently natural uranium, which contains over 99 percent ofthisis'tope.

Such products were 'all of lower atomic The uranium may be metallic uranium, an oxide such In accordance with the present invention it has been discovered that the decay products of the short lived beta emitting isotopes of neptunium are long lived alpha emitting isotopes of plutonium. These decay reactiis may be represented as follows:

914m a zas 2.8 days -?A,000 yrs.U

Since the decay of neptunium to plutonium takes place `both` during and after bombardment of uranium with deuterons or neutrons, the percentage of plutonium inlth'e transuranic traction ot the product can be controlled-'by varying the bombardment time, the time of aging after bombardment, or both. Thus, in the deuteron bombardment of uranium, the transuranic fraction of isotopes of mass 238 will be predominantly plutonium after five days of bombardment or after one day of bombardment followed by twodays aging. Similarly, in the neutron bornbardment of uranium, the transuranic fraction of-.the product will be predominantly plutonium after six days of bombardment or after two days of bombardment followed by two days aging.

For the production and recovery of plutonium, it is preferred to employ a total time of bombardment plus aging such that at least percent of the transuranic fraction of the product consists of plutonium. Examples of minimum bombardment and aging times to accomplish this end in the neutron bombardmentiof uranium are shown inthe following table:

Table I h Days of Bomhardment: Days of Aging 2' 7 Although the desired plutonium concentration inftlie transuranic fraction of the product may' be obtained Iby sucieut bombardment time alone, it will be evident that a finite aging time will necessarily ensue before the plu'- toniu'm4 can be separated from the bombarded product. In the present specification and claims,V therefore, it is postulated that the bombarded product is alwaysV aged, and that the plutonium concentration in theV transur'an'ic fraction of the product is controlled by the total time off bombardment plus aging;

ri`he production of plutonium vby deuter'onbombardment of uranium` followed by aging of the bombarded product will be further illustrated by the following' el?y was then determined by analysis of the beta radiation decay of the product. The yield of neptunium was found to be approximately 28 euries per ampere hour of bombardment. This neptunium was transformed into a substantially equal mass, and equivalent number of euries, of plutonium after aging for 30 days.

EXAMPLE 2 Uranium metal was subjected to a short bombardment with m.e.v. deuterons, and the neptunium was separated from the bombarded material by chemical means to obtain a product containing neptunium as the only beta emitting radioactive element. The quantities of the 2.0 day isotope 93233 and the 2.3 day isotope 93239 present at the end of the bombardment were then determined by analysis of the radioactive decay of the total 93.` The yields were found to be 36.2 micrograms of 93232 and 320 micrograms of 93239 per ampere hour of bombardment. After aging for 60 days, the yields of 94233 and 94239 derived from the separated neptunium were thus approximately 36.2 micrograms of 94233 and 320 micrograms of 94239 per ampere hour of bombardment.

EXAMPLE 3 i Separate samples of uranium metal were subjected to short bombardments with deuterons of different energies, and then aged for suiiicient time to permit decay of substantially all of the 93233 and 93233 to 94232 and 94233. Element 94 was then separated from the aged material by chemical precipitation methods to obtain products containing no radioactive elements other than element 94. These products were then analyzed for alpha radiation. Since the decay rate of 94239 is negligible compared to the decay rate of 94233, the total radioactivity was ascribed to 94233. The yields of 94233 determined in this manner were found to be as follows:

Deuteron Yield of 94233, mienergy. milcrograms per amllon electron pere hour of bomvolts bardment Plutonium has been successfully produced in accordance with the present invention by the bombardment of uranium with an external source of neutrons, such as a 'deuteron-beryllium source, adjusting 'the bombardment and aging times to secure a product in which the transuranic traction is substantially all plutonium, and thereafter isolating the plutonium. Much higher production -ratesare obtainable, however, by the use of neutronic reactors of the type described in co-pending application Serial No. 568,904 of E. Fermi and L. Szilard, tiled December 19, 1944, now U.S. Patent No. 2,708,656, granted on May 17, 1955. In such reactors, a issionable isotope, such as U235 in natural uranium, undergoes fission and releases fast neutrons in excess oi t e neutrons absorbed in the iission process. The fast neutrons yare slowed down to approximately thermal energies by impacts with a moderator such as graphite or deuterium oxide, and the resulting slow neutrons (energies of O-0.3 electron volt) are then absorbed by U235 to produce further iission and by U23B to produce U239 which decays through 93233 to 94233. This self-sustaining chain reaction releases tremendous amounts of energy, primarily in the form of kinetic energy of the fission fragments. With such reactors the maximum reaction rate for steady state operation is determined by the maximum rate at which the heat of reaction can be removed. The rate of production of plutonium in such reactors may thus be equated, approximately, to the power output of the reactor, and amounts to about 0.9 gram of 94233 per megawatt day when operating with sulicient bombardment and aging times to permit total decay of 93239 to 94233.

It is to be understood, of course, that the above examples of methods for the production of 94238 and 94233 are merely illustrative and do not limit the scope of this phase of the present invention. Sources of high energy deuterons or low energy neutrons other than the particular sources of the examples may be employed, and various modifications of the operating procedures may also be used. Equivalent nuclear reactions may be utilized, as, for example, the bombardment of uranium with any sub-atomic particle of suitable energy to produce a beta-emitting neptunium isotope, with control of bombardment and aging times to permit recovery of a tran'suranic fraction comprising essentially plutonium.

Further aspects of the present invention relate to methods for the sepanation and purification of plutonium., and especially to methods for the separation and decontamination of the plutonium contained in masses of deuteron bombarded uranium or neutron bombarded uranium. p

One phase of the present invention which is especially useful in plutonium recovery processes relates to methods for the control of the state of oxidation of plutonium. An object of this phase of the invention is to provide means for attaining a plurality of oxidation states of plutonium. Another object of this phase of the invention is to provide methods for oxidizing plutonium from a lower to a higher valence state, and for reducing pluto'- nium from a higher to a lower valence state. A further object is to provide means for stabilizing lower and higher oxidation states of plutonium in aqueous solutions of plutonium ions. YAdditional objects and advantages of this phase of the present invention will be evident from the following description.

In accordance with the present invention it has been found that plutonium is chemically unlike osmium in many respects, and is probably a member of a second rare earth group, the actnide series. It has further been discovered that plutonium, unlike a number of other members of this series, possesses a plurality of valence states. Plutonium has -at least four valence states, including +3, +4, +5, and +6. In 0.5 M-l.0 M aqueous hydrochloric acid the oxidation-reduction potentials are of the following magnitudes:

Pu+4+2H2O PuO2+2+4H++2E 1.015 v. Ae may be seen from the above couples, the stability of the higher oxidation states is dependent on the hydrogen ion concentration. In moderately acidic solutions the Put5 ion is generally very unstable, and disproportionates to Pui'4 Aand Put-6. The Pu+4 ion is capable of disproportionating to the Pu+3 ion and the PuO2+2 ion, and in dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid this disproportionation may take place to a considerable extent. The Put4 :disproportionation is opposed, however, by increase in hydrogen ion concentration and by the presence of ions which tend to complex or otherwise stabilize the Put-4 ion. The effect of additional ions in hydrochloric acid solutions is illustrated by the following potentials for the Pu+3 Pu+4 couple:

1.0 M HC1-0.97 v. 1.0 M HCl-0.1 M H3PO40.80 v. 1.0 M HCl-1.0 M 11F-0.53 v.

Generally the anions of slightly ionized acids tend to complex the Pu+4 ion to a much greater extent than the anions of highly ionized acids. Thus, Pu+4 is only slightly complexed by C104, Cl-, and NO3-; it is corriplexed to a much greater extent by S04-2; and it is very strongly complexed by P05-3, F, C2H3O2, and C2052.

In addition to the complexing effect of the anions of the acids employed as solvents for plutonium, certain of thes'e acids may also serve as oxidizing agents. However, at room temperatures, or moderately elevated temperatures, and in the -absence of oxidation catalysts, the rate of oxidation by the acid is often so low that this effect may be ignored. Thus, the Pu+4 ion is sta-ble for considerable periods of time in perchloricacid, although under proper Conditions, the latter is capable of oxidizing Pu+4 to P1102. It is therefore desirable to control the state of oxidation of the plutonium by the use of oxidizing agents and reducing agents which have rapid reaction rates under the conditions employed for processing the solutions.

The Pu+4 ion may suitably be oxidized to the PnOg+2 ion by the addition of an active oxidizing agent having an oxidation-reduction potential substantially more negative than the oxidation-reduction potential of the Pt1+4 lu02+2 couple in the particular solution employed. The following are representative potentials for this couple:

1.0 M HCl-1.0 V. 1.0 M HNO3-L1 V. 1.6 H2SO4-L3 V.

Oxidizing agents having adequate oxidation-reduction potentials for use in such solutions may be chosen by reference to tables such as the table of standard oxidation-reduction potentials given in the Reference Book of Inorganic Chemistry by Latimer and Hildebrand (The MacMillan Company, New York, 1934).

It is generally desirable to etect purification and concentration of plutonium in nitric acid solutions. Examples of oxidizing agents for use in such solutions are bromates, permanganates, dischromates, silver-catalyzed peroxydisulfates, and ceric compounds. To effect the oxidation, a quantity of oxidizing agent at least equivalent to the amount of plutonium is added to the solution, and the resulting mixture is digested at a moderately elevated temperature for a suiicient period of time to insure complete oxidation of the plutonium. In most cases, this digestion may suitably be effected at 60-80" C. for 15-60 minutes. In order to maintain the plutonium in the hexavalent state for considerable periods of time after oxidation, it is desirable to employ an excess of oxidizing `agent to serve as a holding oxidant. This is especially true if an acid solution is to be processed in ferrous metal equipment, or under other conditions permitting subsequent reduction of the plutonium.

Neptunium may be oxidized by any of the oxidizing agents mentioned above, without the necessity of diges tion at an elevated temperature. This greater rapidity of oxidation of neptunium at low temperatures may be utilized to eiect preferential oxidation of neptunium without substantial oxidation of plutonium. The preferred oxidizing agent for this purpose is the bromate ion. At temperatures of 15-25 C. neptunium may be substantially completely oxidized byl alkali metal bromates in nitric acid solutions, which contain ions such -as S042 ions to complex +4 plutonium, without appreciable oxidation of plutonium to the hexavalent state. There is some evidence that bromate oxidation of plutonium may be catalyzed by cerium, and it is therefore desirable to eiect the preferential oxidation of neptunium in ceriumfree solutions.

For the reduction of plutonium, reducing agents of adequate potential may be selected by reference to tables of standard potentials such as the table previously referred to. The reduction may suitably beelected by digestion at room temperature or slightly elevated temperatures. Digestion for l5 to 60 minutes at l5 to 35 C. will generally be satisfactory.

For the reduction of Pu02+2 or Pu+4 to Pu+3, the reducing agent should have an oxidation-reduction potential substantially more positive than the oxidation-reduction potential of the Pu+3- Pu+4 couple in tbe solution employed. Thus, in 1.0 M HCl an active reducing agent having a potential more positive than 0.97 v. will be required, and in 1.0 M HNO3, a potential more positive than 0.92 v. will be necessary. In order to maintain the plutonium in the |3 valence state for appreciable periods of time, it is desirable to maintain an excess of the reducing agent in solution.

`tion of reducing agents of the desired potential'will be available for use in solutions containing ions which complex the Pu+4 ion than are available for use in solutions which are substantially free from complexing eifects. Thus, in 1.0 M HCl and 1.0 MY HCl-1.0 MY HF, Ythe oxidationreduction potentials are approximately:n

1.0 M HC1 1.0 M HC1 1.0 M HF Pu=F4 Pn02+2 1.0 v) 1.2 v Pu+3 Pu+4 0.9 v -0. v

It may be seen that in the solution containing uoride ion reducing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron, which have oxidation-reduction potentials of 0.68 v. and 0.74 v. respectively, will reduce Pu02+2 only to Put-4; whereas in the solution without fluoride ion to complex the Pu+4 ion, these reducing agents will tend to reduce the plutonium to the |3 state. `A reducingl agent such as sulfur dioxide, having an oxidation-reduction potential of 0.14 v. will tend to reduce the plu tonium to the +3 state inV either solution. l

When employing the preferred solutions of plutonium in aqueous nitric acid, the reduction of PuOzt2 to Pul'4 is preferably effected in the presence oa complexingion, employing reducing agents having oxidation-reduction potentials ofthe same magnitude as hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron. However, it is also possibleto use stronger reducing agents such as sulfur dioxide if lany excess reducing agent is removed or destroyed after the initialreduction is effected. -ln any case, if Pu+4 is desired, :the hydrogen ion concentration should be sutiicientlyl high to oppose the disproportionation of Pui4 to Pu+3 and Pu02+2. tFor this purpose, it is desirable to employ solutions having a'pH not substantially aboveZ, and preferably considerably below 1. In the case ofaqueous nitric acid solution, it is generally desirable to maintain a free acid concentration of at least l M; v i

lt will be apparent that the considerations discussed above will alsorapply to the oxidation of Pu+3 to Pu,

without oxidizing Pu+4 to PuOZte,v by the use of oxidizing agents having potentials intermediate the potentials of,

the two plutonium couples. v p

The plutonium oxidation and reduction processes de scribed above may be employed, if desired, for thesirnultaneous oxidation or reduction of both neptunium and plutonium. `Such simultaneous oxidation or reduction will be attained provided equilibrium is reached; As previously pointed out, however, differential reaction rates may be utilized to attain one oxidation state` forneptuniuin and another oxidation state for plutonium. v

The solutions of plutonium ion-s of the variousvalence states described above are useful for the electro-deposition of'plutonium, for the precipitation of plutonium compounds while leaving contaminating compounds in solution, and for the precipitation of contaminating Acompounds While leaving plutonium in solution, as willrbe discussed'in detail in the description of other phases of the Present invention. p i

The oxidation state of plutonium in aqueous solutions Vof the various plutonium cations may be determined in accordance with methods commonly used for thedetermination of the valence state of other metals in solution.

Thus, Vthe total plutonium in solution may be determined bthe present invention.

the like. Spectrophotometric analysis is especially advantageous for determining qualitatively or quantitatively the various plutonium ions in solution, in view of the sharp characteristic peaks in the absorption spectra for the dilerent valence states. Representative molar extinction coecients for the Put-3, Pu+4, and Pai);2 ions in aqueous inorganic acid solutions are given in the following tables:

Table 2 Put3 ln l M HC1 Wave length in A. 4, 260 4, 560 4, 740 5,050 5, 620 6, 010 6, 660 S, 000 9. 090 Molar extinction Y coefficient .i 12.0 4. 7 4. 0 3, 5 37. 4 37. 9 15.0 15.0 18. 9

Table 3 Pu+4 in 1 M HNOS Wve length in 4, 04014, 220 4, 4S() 4. 760 5,020 5, 460 6, 600 7, 080 8,000 8, 550 Moi'ar extinction coeicient 27.0 24. 5 17. 5 72. 5 8.7 17. O 31.0 140i 18. 9 13. 2

Table 4 Pu+4 in 1 M H2504 Wave length in A. 4, 090 4, 360 4, 810 5, 480 6, 640 7. 200 8,140 8. 510 Molar extinction coefficient. 29. 2 28. 5 B5. 2 20. 0 39. 6 21.0 27. 1 14. 3

Table 5 PuOit2 'in 1 M HNOS .Wave length in A 4, 590 4, 700 5,060 5, 220 6, 240 8, 310 9, 580 9, S70 Molar extinction coeicentA 15.0 14. 0 14.0 14` 0 10.0 171.0 23. o 17.0

The particular oxidizing and reducing agents, processes, and solutions discussed above are merely illustrative and are not be construed as limiting the scope of this phase of Other oxidizing and reducing agents having the required potentials may be utilized instead of those specifically mentioned, and the procedures may be modied in numerous respects, as will be evident to those skilled in the art.

A further aspect of the present invention rela-tes to the separation of plutonium from uranium, and especially to the separation of plutonium from neutron irradiated uranium or deuteron irradiated uranium.

' An object of this phase of the invention is to provide I- a method for selectively separating uranium from aqueous compositions containing uranium and plutonium. Another object of this aspect of the invention is to provide a method for extracting the bulk of the uranium from aqueous compositions containing uranyl nitrate and plutonium.

A further object is to provide an organic solvent extraction procedure for the selective extraction of uranyl nitrate from aqueous compositions containing uranyl nitrate, uranium fission products, and plutonium.

IAn additional object is to provide an ether extraction process for the treatment of neutron irradiated uranyl nitrate hexahydrate or deuteron irradiated uranyl nitrate hexahydrate to separate an ether phase containing the major portion of the uranyl nitrate from an aqueous phase containing plutonium and uranium fission products.

Other objects and advantages of this phase of the present invention will be evident from the following description.

If uranium is subjected to neutron or dcuteron bombardment, even for prolonged periods of time, the bombarded product comprises predominantly unconverted uranium with only very low concentrations cf uranium fission products and plutonium. A desirable preliminary step in the recovery of the plutonium from such material consists in separating the major portion of the unconverted uranium, thus reducing the bulk of the plutonium s fraction and concentrating the plutonium with respect'tol the remaining uranium. A i

In accordance with the present invention it hasbeen discovered that plutonium in an oxidation state not greater than |4 may be maintained in an aqueous phase while extracting hexavalent uranium from said aqueous phase into an organic solvent. For this purpose anyvof `the organic solvents which are known to dissolve uranyl compounds may be employed. The preferred class of solvents comprise normally liquid organic solvents which are substantially immiscible with the aqueous solution to be extracted and which contain at least one atom capable of donating an electron pair to a coordination bond. I C ompounds containing oxygen donor atoms, such as alcohols, alkyl ethers, glycol ethers, ketonm, and nitrohydrocarbons, are particularlydesirable solvents. For the extraction of hexavalent uranium from tetravalent plutonium, it is preferred to employ an ether, and particularly` diethyl ether, as the solvent.y For the extraction of hexavalent uranium from trivalent plutonium, it is preferred to employ a ketone, and especially methyl isobutyl ketone.

It has been discovered that the plutonium in neutronbombarded or deuteron-bombarded uranyl nitrate hexahydrate is in the tetravalent state. V.The bombarded crystalline hexahydrate may thus be directly extracted with a suitable volume of solvent, for example from 1 to 20 times the volume of the hexahydrate, to obtain an organic phase containing the bulk of the uranyl nitrate and an aqueous phase of smaller volume comprising the original water of crystallization, a minor portion of the uranyl nitrate, and the bulk of the uranium fission products and plutonium.

Instead of directly extracting crystalline hexahydrate, the bombarded material may first be dissolved in nitric acid or other suitable aqueous solvent. Similarly, bombarded uranium metal, uranium oxides, or other uranium compounds may be dissolved in aqueous inorganic acids to form solutions suitable for extraction. It is generally preferred to employ nitric acid for this purpose, in order to obtain directly a solution of hexavalent uranium. The plutonium in the resulting solution may then be stabilized in the +3 or +4 oxidation state by means of reducing agents which have insuliicient potentials to reduce the hexavalent uranium.

For the extraction of uranyl nitrate from solutions containing tetravalent plutonium, it is desirable to have a high initial uranyl nitrate concentration in the aqueous phase; suitable solutions contain at least 30 percent by weight of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, and preferably considerably higher concentrations. The uranyl nitrate solutions may suitably be concentrated until saturated with respect to the hexahydrate or even to the point where the entire mass will solidify, on cooling, as crystalline hexahydrate. Other soluble salts should be excluded from the aqueous solution, insofar as practicable, in order to prevent salting-out the plutonium into the organic phase. Similarly, excessive acid concentrations should be avoided in order to minimize extraction of plutonium bythe organic solvent.

It has further been discovered, in accordance with the present invention, that trivalent plutonium has much less tendency to extract into the organic phase than tetravalent plutonium. Thus, high acid concentrations and high concentrations of salting-out agents may be employed to increase the efliciency of the uranium extraction Without danger of excessive extraction of trivalent plutonium. The preferred salting-out agents comprise inorganic salts having high solubility in the solution to be extracted, low solubility in the extract phase, and a common ion with respect to the compound being extracted. Thus, for the extraction of uranyl nitrate, the following nitrates are suitable salting-out agents:

NaNOg C3(NO3 2 KNO, SrtNOoz' LiNO3 Mg (Noah sponsor The concentration of salting-out agent which is desirable in any particular case will depend on the valence of the cation and the concentration of the common anion due to free acid in the solution. ln the c'a'se of 1 N nitric acid solutions, it is desirable to employ a concentration of a univalent nitrate of at least 3 M and preferably '5-10 M. Equivalent concentrations of polyvalent nitrates may be employed at the same acid concentration, and the salt concentration may suitably be increased or decreased with decrease or increase of the acid concentration.

In carrying out the process of this phase of the present invention, previously known extraction procedures and apparatus may be employed. The extraction vmay be effected by batch, continuous batch, batch counter-current, or continuous counter-current methods. Batch operation is generally preferred for the extraction of solutions containing tetravalent plutonium, whereas continuous countercurrent operation may advantageously be applied to the extraction of solutions containing trivalent plutonium. A two-stage batch process, employing in each stage from 2 to :10 volumes of solvent per volume of material to be extracted, or an equivalent counter-current process, will usually e'nect adequate preliminary separation of uranium to permit efficient operation of subsequent chemical methods for plutonium recovery. A greater number of batch stages or greater quantities of solvent in counter-current operation may, however, be employed if desired.

This phase of the present invention will be further illustrated by the following speciiic examples:

EXAMPLE 4 Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate containing tetravalent plutonium in tracer concentration was extracted with approximately 28 times its volume of ether, 'and the aqueous layer was re-extracted with a quantity of ether equal to that used in the first extraction. The aqueous raffinate was then acidiied with about 1.5 times its volume 'of 16 N aqueous nitric acid, and the resulting nitric acid solution was extracted with approximately 20 times its volume of ether.

The ether extracts and the final aqueous rainate were analyzed for plutonium by a precipitation procedure designed to leave uranium unprecipitated and to yield precipitates containing plutonium as the only alpha-active component. Radioactive analyses 'of the precipitates showed the aqueous ratiinate to contain approximately 89 Ipercent of the total alpha radiation, whereas the ether extracts contained only ll percent. On the other hand, analysis of the aqueous raffinate for uranium by 'evapora- 'tion and ignition to U3O8 showed that it contained less than 0.3 percent of the original uranium.

EXAMPLE 5 Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, which had been subjected to bombardment with neutrons from 100 milliampere lhours bombardment of beryllium with l2 m.e.v. deuterons over a period of 20 days, was aged for 8 days prior to extraction with ether. Approximately 70'0 pounds of the bombarded and aged material was extracted with about 84 gallons of diethyl ether. The aqueous phase was evaporated to reduce the water content to that 'of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, and about '90 pounds of .recrystaln li'zed hexahydrate was thus obtained. 'The recrystalliz'e'd material was then re-extra'cted with 10.8 gallons of diethyl ether. The aqueous raiiinate thus obtained hada volume of approximately 1.64 gallons and 'contained approximately 1.66 percent of the original uranium. This solu- 'tion was analyzed for plutonium and'was found to contain 353 micrograms, corresponding to 'a yield of 3.5 micrograms per milliampere hour of bombardment.

EXAMPLE 6 Ammonium nitrate is added as a sa-lting-out vagent to 'a nitric acid solution containing 'ur'anyl .'nitrate, uranium fission products, and trivalent plutonium. The'concentrathe resulting solution are as follows:

tions of uranium, nitric acid, 'and ammonium nitrate in This solution is then extracted with approximately 6.5 times its volume of methyl isobutyl ketone. Approximately percent of the uranyl nitrate is extracted by the ketone, together with less than 1 percent of the plutonium.

It is to be understood, of course, that the above examples are merely illustrative, and do not limit the scope of this phase of the invention. Other aqueous compositions containing hexavalent uranium and trivalent or tetravale'nt plutonium may be substituted for the-compositions extracted in these examples. Likewise, other equivalent water-immiscible organic solvents may be substituted for the diethyl ether and methyl isobutyl ketone employed 4in the examples, and the specic procedures employed Y may be modified in numerous respects within the scope of the foregoing description.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to the lseparation of plutonium from aqueous solutions,v and especially from aqueous solutions containing plutonium together with other contaminating elements, such as solutions derived from neutron irradiated uranium or deuteron 'irradiated uranium.

An object of this phase of the invention is toV provide precipitation methods for the separation of plutonium from aqueous solutions containing ionicplutonium,

Another object of this aspect of the present invention is to provide suitable precipitation methods for separating plutonium from aqueous solutions containing plutonium vand uranium fission products, and for simultaneously electing at least partial'decontamination of the plutowith respect to said uranium ssion products.v

A 'further object is to provide carrier precipitation llgnrocedures for separating plutonium for aqueous solutions 'containing plutonium in concentrations below the solubility concentration of its most insoluble compound.

An additional object is to provide suitable carrier precipitation methods `for separating lplutonium with plutonium concentration. Even after preliminary separa' tion of 'unconverted uranium by solvent extraction, or "by chemical means, such solutions may contain uranium iin a concentration considerably exceeding the plutonium concentration. Solutions derived from unaged irradiated material may also contain neptunium in substantial con centration. The contaminating elements presenting the greatest diiiiculties in the recovery of plutonium comprise the uranium iission products.

When natural uranium is subjected to bombardment with neutrons or deuter'ons, nuclear lfission takes place simultaneously with the formation ofV transu-ranic elements. Nuclear 4issi'on constitutes a breakdown o'f 'the heavy .nucleus into lighter fragments which are generally very unstable and lhighly radioactive. usually undergo beta-particle disintegration in successive steps, leading ultimately to stable isotopes off Vliigher nuclear charge than the original fragments. in theicas'e of a neutronic reactor operating with a self-sustaining chain reaction, the number of uranium nuclei undergoing ssion is roughly equivalent to the number undergoing :reaction to form 'transuranic elements. Since the 'fission .products Such fragments j KgPuF, LagPuFw, etc.)

liiates, chlorides, etc.) lfates, chlochloiides, etc.)

solutions. Representative the following table:

Table 6 Trivalent plutonium Tetravalent plutonium:

Fluoride Double fluorides (KPuF5, Oxalate Iodate Orthophosphfate Hydroxide (basic nitrates, su Peroxide (basic peroxidic nitrates, su

rides, etc.) l() Hexavalent plutonium:

Hydroxide (basic nitrates, sulfates, lt is generally desirable to precipitate plutonium co ounds from acidic aqueous solutions, and especially ounds in solutions of various acids and'of various acid 5 f ssion tor are due to the The ssion of U235 and may be exempliied by the following type of equation:

p n l from aqueous morgamc acid l solubilities of trivalent `and tetravaleut plutonium com- P concentrations are given in are at least twice the number of nuclei undergoing fission, tion will contain a greater ducts than of plutonium. U235 is caused by ,000,000 electron proportion o sion fragments have mass 158, although small quanof lower and higher mass numbers may large majorse a light group of heavy group of mass ial fission fragaged material from fa chain reac number of atoms of ssion pro Although some fisson of U238 and neutrons having energies above about 1 volts (1 m.e.v.), by far the greatest products formed in a neutronic ireac action of thermal neutrons on U235. is predominantly binary,

U235+0n1 Kr92+Ba141-I-Sgnl-I- 175 m.e.v, Substantialiy all of the s numbers within the range 77- tities of isotopes result from unbalanced binary fissions, ternary issions or other reactions of infrequent occurrence. A ity of the fission fragments compri mass numbers 84-106 and a numbers 12S-150.

The various decay products of the init Hydroxide (basic nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, etc.) 75

acid on the addition of various anions which 'precipitate' tetravalent plutonium.

Anion Catlo'ns which form soluble compounds Fluoride Cs, Rb, Zr', Cb, Ag. Orthophosphate.-. Cs, R Iodate Cs, Rb, La, Get3 and other rare earths.

It is often desirable to recoverplutonium from very dilute solutions in which `the plutonium concentration is below the solubility concentration of the most insoluble plutonium compound. Since the plutonium concentration in neurton irradiated uranium -is generally substantially below 1% of the weight of the unreacted uranium,

and may even be less than one part per million parts of uranium, solutions derived from such material will often contain plutonium in extremely low concentrations. The recovery of plutonium from such solutions, or Afrom dilute waste solutions or the like, cannot usually be effected by a direct precipitation of an insoluble plutonium compound. if a dilute solution of plutonium contains substantial amounts of contaminating elements, concentration by evaporation will often result in a Apartial separation of irnpurities with an accompanying loss of plutonium. iIt is therefore desirable to effect the separation of plutonium-V directly from the dilute solution.

In order to separate ,plutonium from a solution of such low concentration that a plutonium compound will not precipitate by itself, it is necessary to employ an auxiliary insoluble carrier to effect removal of the plutonium from the solution. The insoluble carrier may be intro duced into the solution as a pre-formed lnely divided solid, but is preferably precipitated directly in the solution from which the plutonium is to be carried. The mechanism of the carrying of plutonium lfrom solution is not fully understood, but it is believed to be effected in some cases by incorporation of plutonium ions into the carrier crystal lattice, in some cases by surface adsorption of plutonium ions, and -in other cases by 'a combination of both.

The term carrier as used herein andin the 'appended claims is to be understood as 'signifying a substantially insoluble, solid, inely divided compound capable of ionizing to yield at least one inorganic cation and to yield at least one anion which constitutes an ionic component of a compound which contains the ion lto be carried, said latter compound being not substantially more soluble than said finely divided compound in the same solution. The preferred carriers for trivalent Vplutonium comprise compounds having an an'io'n 'which is capable of forming an insoluble compound of trivalent cerium inthe same solution; and the preferred carriers for tetravalent plutonium comprise compounds having an anion which is capable of forming an insoluble compound of tetravalent cerium in the same solution.

A large number of carriers are available 'for carrying plutonium from solution in accordance with 'this phase of the present invention. The following are representative examples of useful carriers:

Vis

It will be apparent that the above compounds const-itute plutonium carriers in accordance with the definition rpreviously given. Thus, lanthanum fluoride is capable of ionizing to lform a lanthanum cation and a fluoride anion. 'IIhe latter is an ionic component of the insoluble compounds PuF4 and KPuF5. In an analogous manner, a basic peroxidic thorium nitrate is capable of ionizing jto yield a Tht* cation and NO3- and 00H* anions. f The latter anions are ionic components of an insoluble basic peroxidic plutonium nitrate.

Bhe ratio ofVca-rriei to plutonium tobe employed may var y over a Wide range depending on the plutonium concentration of the original solution and upon theetlective- -ness of the ,particular carrier employed. Weight ratios ranging lfrom 10,000/'1 or higher to 10/1 or lower may be Vused, but the ratio will generally fall within the range 1000/ 1 to 100/1. If/a low ratio of carrier to plutonium is desired, an isomorphic carrier is preferred, i.e. one having a crystalline structure with cation spacing in the crys- VYtal lattice such that plutonium ions may be substituted in the lattice `for carrier cations.

It is apparent that diiierent carriers will be required for the isomorphic carrying of plutonium in its dilierent valence states. For plutonium in the +3 state, cerous a-nd latithhurn 'compounds are suitable isomorphic carriers. Ur u's, ceiic, and thorium compounds are isomorph'ic omer's for plutonium Yin the +4 state, whereas uranyl r'fng cations of V-io'r'ri'c ra'dii -within the range O15-0.97 Y

A., asenrrectel in accordance with Zachariasens :method for vdetenuining enfrenten renie radii. (Zeit. nir Kifyst.

f 'plutonium 'is 'to be carried from a solution containing a large number of contaminating elements, it is 'possible that one or more of 4the contaminants may be isomorphic with the cations of certain of the plutonium carpiers which could be employed. For maximrun decon- V termination 'of Aplutfi'r'rirlr'iit in a 'single carrier precipitation,

'it-is therefore, 'desirable 'to ohfoose a carrier cation which Y is Yi'soin o'rphi'c with nor're, or `vv-itlrtlfie least number, of "the contanunating cations known to be present.

, Even if there 'is no isomorphic carrying of contaminants simultaneously Awith Vthe plutonium, some of the containina'tng cations 'may be oariiied to Vsome extent by adsorption or by other mechanisms, lif the contaminants 'in question are dangerously radioactive, such as are most 'of the ii'ssi'on products with which plutonium is usually associated, fit is'de'sir'able to minimize the carrying :of isuch 'radioactivity with the plutonium. One method 'of reducing tlr'e amount o'f'radioactivity carried by a 'carrner precipitat'enis to introduce into the solution a radiop'actively "inert diluent or hold-back carrier, which is an inactive isotopeof 'the 'radioactive isotope which is to 'be held back "in the 'supernatant solution Y duringrprecipitati'on "ofthe carrier. This method is particularly Veffective 'for reducing the'caryi'r'rg "of radioactive isotopes which 'are carried oy adsorption or other surface saturation type l'of carrying. Thus, inactive 'isotopes of the various uranium `fission products which are-not yisomorphic with the can-ier cation may be employed to improve the decontamination of plutonium when carrying it from solutions derived 'from neutron irradiated uranium.

The carrying procedure may be effected by any of ine techniques 'for 'eneetingfsdequate contact of liquids 'with 'inseluble solids. In the case of preformed carriers,

accusa? the finely divided solid may be agitated with the solution, or the solution may be continuously passed through xed beds of the carrier. As previously pointed out, however, the preferred procedure is to precipitate the carrier directly in the plutonium solution. This may be elected by adding the ions in any order, but it is generally preferred to add the cation first, and then the anion. Mixed carriers may be precipitated, if desired, by precipitating two or more cations with the same anion, two or more anions with the same cation, or by coprecipitatiug carrier-s diifering in both cation and anion.

When employing any of the above procedures it is desirable to provide an adequate contact time or digestion period to insure adequate carrying of the plutonium. This is particularly desirable in the case of isomorphic carrying or other internal carrying. The digestion may be effected at room temperature, but it is usually preferred to employ an elevated temperature ranging from about 30 C. to a temperature substantially below the boiling point of the solution. Temperatures of 40 to 60 C. will generally be satisfactory, with a contact time or precipitate digestion time of 10 to 90 minutes, and preferably 30 to 60 minutes. The carrier may then be separated from the supernatant solution by any suitable means, such as decantation, ltration or centrifugation.

The separation of plutonium from aqueous solutions by means of various carrier precipitates is further illustrated by the following specific examples:

EXAMPLE 7 An 8.6 N sulfuric acid solution was prepared containing lanthanum sulfate in a concentration of approximately 430 per liter and plutonium in tracer concentration. To this solution was added about 2.1 times its volume of a saturated aqueous solution of sulfur dioxide, and the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 25 minutes to effect reduction of any hexavalent plutonium. The sulfuric acid concentration of the resulting solution was about 2.8 N and the lanthanum sulfate concentration was about 139 mg. per liter. About 27% by volume of 48% aqueous hydrofluoric acid was then added to the solution and the resulting lanthanum uoride precipitate was separated by centrifugng. Analyses for alpha radiation showed that the precipitate contained 93% of the plutonium which was present in the original solution.

EXAMPLE 8 A 0.07 N sulfuric acid solution was prepared, containing cerous sulfate in a concentration of about 64 mg. per liter and tetravalent plutonium ion in tracer concentration. About 39% by volume of 48% aqueous hydrouoric acid was then added and the resulting cerous uoride precipitate was separated by centrifuging. Analyses for alpha radiation showed that the precipitate contained 92% of the plutonium which was present in the original solution.

EXAMPLE 9` Lanthanum nitrate was added to a 1.0 N HNO30.l M H3PO4 solution containing tetravalent plutonium to produce a lanthanum ion concentration of approximately 0.15 g. per liter. The solution was then heated to 70 C. and was neutralized with sodium hydroxide until just alkaline to litmus. The resulting slurry was digested at room temperature for two hours, with agitation, and the lanthanum hydroxide precipitate was then separated by centrifuging. Radioactive analyses of the original solution and of the precipitate showed that 97% of the plutonium was carried by the lanthanum hydroxide.

EXAMPLE v10 Thorium nitrate tetrahydrate was added to a 0.1 N nitric acid solution containing tetravalent plutonium in tracer concentration to produce a thorium ion concentration of approximately 2 g. per liter. Hydrogen peroxide in the form of a 3% aqueous solution was then added in, a concentration substantially in excess of the equivalent thoprecipitate.

rium concentration, and the resulting thorium peroxide precipitate (probably a basic peroxidic nitrate) was separated from the supernatant solution. Radioactive analyses of the original solution and of the final supernatant solution showed that 99% of the plutonium was carried by the thorium peroxide precipitate.

The use of a carrier precipitate to separate tetravalent plutonium from an aqueous solution, leaving hexavalent uranium in the supernatant liquid, is illustrated by the following example:

EXAMPLE ll Olthophosphoric acid was added to a nitric acid solution of uranyl nitrate containing lanthanum nitrate, zirconium nitrate, and tetravalent plutonium, to `form a solution 3 N with respect to nitric acid, 0.36 M with respect to phosphoric acid, containing, approximately 250 g. per liter of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate, and having a lanthanum ion concentration of 0.1 g. per liter and a zirconium ion concentration of 0.2 g. per liter. The resulting zirconium phosphate precipitate was separated from the supernatant solution, and both were subjeeted to analysis for total alpha radiation. The total alpha radiation in each case was corrected for uranium alpha radiation on the basis of another precipitation from a solution which contained no plutonium. The results showed approximately 99% carrying of plutonium by the zirconium phosphate precipitate with negligible carrying of uranium.

The use of a carrier precipitate to separate plutonium from an aqueous solution, leaving uranium iission products in the supernatant solution, is illustrated by the following example:

EXAMPLE 12 To an aqueous sulfuric acid-nitric acid-sodium iodate solution containing tetravalent plutonium and beta-active fission products in tracer concentrations thorium ion was added in a concentration of about 17 mg. per liter. The mixture was heated for a short time at a temperature below the boiling point, cooled, allowed to stand at room temperature for one-half hour, and iiltered to separate the thorium iodate precipitate. The ltrate Was evaporated to about one-half its original volume and was then cooled and ltered to recover a second thorium iodate Analyses for alpha and beta radiation showed that the combined thorium iodate precipitates contained all of the plutonium which was present in the original solution but only about 4% of the beta-active fission products.

The use of a carrier precipitate to separate plutonium from an aqueous solution, leaving neptunium in a higher oxidation state in the supernatant liquid, is illustrated by the following example:

EXAMPLE 13 A 4.3 M sulfuric acid solution was prepared, containing lanthanum sulfate in `a concentration of approximately 430 mg. per liter and plutonium and neptunium in tracer concentrations. To this solution was added about 2.1 times itsvolume of an aqueous solution 0.2 M with respect to bromate ion and 0.2 M with respect to bromine. The resulting solution, which had a lauthanum sulfate concentration of about 139 mg. per liter, and was about 1.4 M with respect to sulfuric acid, about 0.14 M with respect to bromate ion, and about 0.14 M with respect to bromine, was allowed to stand at room temperature for two hours to effect oxidation of the neptunium to the hexavalent state while leaving the plutonium in the tetravalent state. About 27% by volume of 48% aqueous hydrouoric acid was then added to the solution, andthe resulting lanthanum fluoride precipitate was separated by centrifuging. Analyses for alpha and beta radiation showed that the precipitate contained 99% of the plutonium which was present in the original solution, but .only 0.74% of the neptunium.

The following example illustrates the use of a radio- 17 actively inert diluent or "hold-back carrier to decrease the amount of a radioactive contaminant carried by a plutonium-carrying precipitate:

EXAMPLE 14 A 1.0 N HNOS-0.5 N HF solution Was prepared, containing tracer concentrations of tetravalent plutonium and radioactive zirconium. Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate was added to this solution in a concentration of approximately 390 mg. per liter. The resulting lanthanum iluoride precipitate was separated and subjected to radioactive analysis to determine its plutonium and zirconium content.

To a second portion of the HNOs-H'F solution of plutonium and radioactive zirconium, inactive zirconium was added in a concentration of 1 g. per liter to serve as a diluent or hold-back carrier. Lanthanum fluoride was then precipitated from the solution in the same concentration as before, and the precipitate was subjected to radioactive analysis to determine its content of plu- I tonium and radio-active zirconium.

It was found that the lanthanum iluoride precipitate in each `case contained approximately 98% of the original plutonium. The precipitate from the solution to which inactive zirconium had been `added was foundl to contain only 1/30 as much radioactive zirconium as the precipitate from the other solution.

The following example illustrates the direct precipitation of an insoluble plutonium compound, without a carrier, from a solution derived from a preceding carrier precipitate;

EXAMPLE 15 A mixture of hydroxides comprising 88.2% by weight of lanth-anum hydroxide, 9.9% plutonium hydroxide and 1.9% potassium hydroxide, was `dissolved in 2.03 times its Weight of 16 N nitric acid. Approximately 3.22% by Weight of concentrated sulfuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84) was added to the resulting solution, which was then diluted with water to form a solution 0.8 N with respect to nitric acid and 0.2 N with respect to sulfuric acid. The plutonium concentration of this solution was 8.25 g. per liter. The solution was heated to 60 C. and 50% by volume of 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide was added over a period of one ho-ur. The resulting slurry was digested for an additional hour `at room temperature, after which the plutonium peroxide (probably a basic peroxidic sulfate) was separated by filtration. The precipitate was then dissolved in 16 N nitric acid, sulfuric acid was added, and the solution diluted to 0.8 N HNOS-02 N H2804. Plutonium peroxide was then reprecipitated and separated by filtration as before. The reprecipitated product, which was free from lanthanum, amounted to 99% of the plutonium originally present in the lanthanum hydroxide mixture.

It should be understood, of course, that the above examples are merely illustrative, and do not limit the scope of this phase of the present invention. plutonium carriers and hold-back carriers of the'classes previously defined may be substituted for the particular carriers used in the examples, and the procedures employed may be varied in numerous respects within the scope of the foregoing description.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to further methods for the separation of plutonium from solutions thereof.

An object of this phase of the invention is to provide electrolytic means for the separation of plutonium .from solution.

Another object of this `aspect of the present invention is to provide suitable methods for the electrodeposition of plutonium from solutions in hydroxy solvents.

A further object is to provide means for simultaneously electrodepositing plutonium and a carrier therefor from dilute solutions of plutonium in aqueous or other hydroxy solvents.

Additional objects and advantages of this phase of the Other description. f

Plutonium is a strongly electropositive metal, not far Lbelow the alkali metals in the electromotive series, and it is therefore difficult to effect electrodeposition of metallic plutonium. We have found, however, that plutonium maymreadily .be electrodeposited as an oxygenated compound by the electrolysis of suitable solutions of plutonium in hydroxy solvents. If the plutonium isV present in solution in very low concentration, it maybe electrodeposited simultaneously with the electrodeposition of a carrier. Electrodeposition may thus be used in place of or in conjunction with the precipitation methods or carrier precipitation methods for the separation of plutonium which have previously been described. n

Solutions from which plutonium mayk be electrodeposited in accordance with the present invention preferably contain plutonium in the form of plutonyl ion, Pu02++, which may be reduced at the cathode to yield a hydrous oxide substantially insoluble under the conditions of electrolysis, or in the form of a cation which will hydrolyze to an insoluble compound in the layer of solution of low hydrogen ion concentration immediately adjacent tothe cathode. All lof the common inorganic salts of plutonium are readily hydrolyzable and may suitably be employed in the present process. The plutonium in the electrolyte may initially be in any of its valence states or in an equibilbrium mixture of different valence states, and will be electrodeposited, either by anodic oxidation to Pu02++ with subsequent cathodic reduction, or by hydrolysis to a compound substantially insoluble in the solution of 10W hydrogen ion concentration in the immediate neighborhood of the cathode.

The solvent may suitably comprise any normally liquid hydroxy solvent, but is preferably an aqueous solvent or a i lower aliphatic monohydric alcohol. Aqueous alcoholic solutions may be employed, if desired, but the alcohols are suitably used as anhydrous solvents. Anhydrous ethyl alcohol is the preferred solvent of the latter class. y

When employing an anhydrous solvent, a desirably high conductivity may not be obtainable without providing an auxiliary solute. This is especially true in the case of a very dilute plutonium solution. In such'instances, a convenient way to increase the conductivity of the solution, and also to facilitate the subsequent handling of the electrode deposit, is to incorporate intothe solution a compound of a carrier element which will electrodeposit simultaneously with the plutonium. Such compound may suitably be any metal compoundwhich is not substantially less hydrolyzable than the plutonium compound in the solution. The codeposition of plutonium and a carrier may be combined with preceding lor following carrier precipitation processes by thet choice of a suitable carrier cation whichv may be either precipitated or electrodeposited from'the solutions in question. Aqueous solutions for the electrodeposition of plutonium may'suitably be acidied in order to provide adequate conductivity. IIf the desired plutoniumfconcentration in the electrolyte exceeds the solubility concentration of plutonium hydroxide, or of a basic plutonium salt of one of the anions in thev solution, the pH should be lowered in order to prevent precipitation of the plutonium. Inorganic acid solutions of about 0.1 N-1.0 N are generally satisfactory for this purpose. `Considerably higher acid concentrations may cause the formation of negatively charged complex ions, with resulting anodic deposition. For deposition only at the cathode, it is preferred to employ solutions having acid concentrations not substantially greater than 1 N.

Plutonium may be codeposited with a carrier from aqueous solutionsin accordance Ywith the principles discussed above with reference to anhydrous solutions. Froml either type of Solution of a hydrolyzable plutonium compound,` plutonium will codeposit with an elementV which ispresent in the solution in the form of a porn-V pound which is not substantially less hydrolyzable than said plutonium compound. Conversely, the plutonium may be deposited with at least partial decontamination with respect to less easily hydrolyzable compounds of contaminating elements. Additional decontamination may be secured by a predeposition of metallic deposits of the less electropositive contaminants at potentials below the deposition potential for plutonium in the particular solution.

Any of the common expedients employed in the electrodeposition art may be applied to the electrodeposition of plutonium in accordance with the present invention. The electrodes may be constructed of any conducting material which is inert with respect to its surrounding electrolyte under the deposition operating conditions. A1- though carbon or other non-metallic electrodes may be used, metallic electrodes, and especially metallic electrodes having amorphous surfaces, are generally preferred. The electnodes may be of any suitable shape, and may be fixed, rotated, or otherwise moved in the electrolyte as desired.

The operating potential and electrode spacing should be correlated, in conformity to the conductivity of the particular solution employed, to produce as high a current density as is compatible with satisfactory plutonium deposition. With anhydrous solutions the current density may suitably range from 0.1 milliampere to 100 milliamperes or more per sq. cm. of cathode surface; and with aqueous solutions the current density may range from 1.0 milliampere to 1.0 ampere or more per sq. cm. of cathode surface.

The electrodeposition may be effected over a considerable range of temperature, from ordinary atmospheric temperatures to temperatures substantially below the boiling point of the solution employed. Temperatures of l 60 C. will generally be satisfactory, but We usually prefer to effect the electrodeposition at a temperature of 20- 30 C.

At the conclusion of the electrodeposition, the electrodes should, of course, be removed promptly from the electrolyte to prevent re-solution of the deposit or attack of the electrodes by the electrolyte. The plutonium deposit, or the codeposit of plutonium and carrier, may then be removed from its electrode by any suitable means, such as by scraping or other mechanical means, or by the use of an acid or other solvent to form a solution for further processing.

The following examples illustrate the separation of plutonium from aqueous and alcoholic solutions by electrodeposition:

EXAMPLE 16 A solution of tetravalent plutonium nitrate in 0.1 N niric acid, having a plutonium concentration of approximately 100 grams per liter, was electrolyzed for one-half hour between platinum electrodes with a current density of 372 milliamperes per sq. cm. of cathode surface.

Radioactive analyses of the cathode deposit and of the residual'electrolyte indicated that approximately 50 percent of the plutonium was plated out in one-half hour. The deposit was an oxygenated compound, probably a hydrated oxide or a hydrated basic nitrate.

EXAMPLE l7 A solution of lanthanum chloride in absolute alcohol, having a lanthanum chloride concentration of about 120 mg. per liter, and containing plutonium in tracer concentration, was electrolyzed for a period of one hour at a potential of 50 Volts, utilizing a platinum anode and a silver cathode. The initial cathode current density was 1.0 milliampere per sq. cm. and the iinal current density was 0.3 milliampere per sq. cm. of cathode surface.

The lanthanum and plutonium plated out together on the cathode as oxygenated compounds, probably basic chlorides containing alcohol of solvation. Radioactive 20 analysis of the-plate and of the residualsolution showed that all of the plutonium had been plated out.

It is to be understood, of course, that the above examples are only illustrative, and do not limit the scope of this phase of the present invention. Other solvents, plutonium compounds, Vand carriers may be substituted for the particular materials employed in the examples, and the electrolyzing conditions may be otherwise varied in numerous respects within the scope of the foregoing description.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to the separation of contaminating elements lfrom plutonium and escpecially to the removal of radioactive uranium fission products from aqueous solutions of plutonium.

An object of this phase of the invention is to provide a suitable procedure for the separation of contaminating elements from aqueous solutions of plutonium while maintaining the plutonium in solution.

Another object of this phase of the present invention is to provide precipitationmethods for the separation of uranium fission products from aqueous solutions containing plutonium an'd uranium ssion products, while maintaining the plutonium in solution.

A further object is to provide combination precipitation methods whereby plutonium in aqueous solutions containing contaminating elements may be decontaminated by alternately precipitating contaminating elements while maintaining plutonium in solution and precipitating plutonium W-hile maintaining contaminating elements in solution.

Other objects and advantages of this aspect of the present invention will be apparent from the following description.

When plutonium is removed from an aqueous solution by means of an insoluble carrier a certain proportion of the contaminating elements present in the solution will be carried along with the plutonium. If the separation is made by precipitation of a carrier from a solution containing large amounts of radioactive uranium iission products, the precipitate may readily be suiiiciently radioactive as to require handling by remote control. Repeated redissolving and re-precipitating will result in further purication, and the decontamination can be still further improved by the use of hold-back carriers, as has previously been pointed out. The ultimate decontamination of plutonium by such a process, however, is tedious and expensive, and it is desirable to employ a more rapid and ecient method.

ln accordance with the present invention, it has been found that relatively rapid decontamination may be effected by maintaining the plutonium in an aqueous solution in a non-carryable state, while contacting the solution with a carrier for one or more of the contaminating elements present in the solution. Preferably the plutonium is maintained in solution as an ion which forms a soluble compound with the anion of the carrier, whereas the carrier anion is capable of forming insoluble compounds with contaminating cations present in the solution. Y

In the preferred modification of'this phase of the present invention, the plutonium is Vmaintained in solution in the hexavalent state while precipitating a carrier for the contaminating cations. The carrier for this procedure may suitably comprise a carrier for trivalent or tetravalent plutonium, and such a carrier is highly advantageous when employed alternatively as a carrier for reduced plutonium and as a carrier for contaminants from a solution containing oxidized plutonium. In such a combination procedure, contaminants which were carried with reduced plutonium in one step of the process may be carried away from oxidized plutonium in a succeeding step employing the same carrier. Conversely, contaminants which would be carried with reduced plutonium on a given carrier may lirst be carried, on that carrier, away from oxidized plutonium.

The term cari-ier, .as used herein with reference to the carrying of contaminants, is employed in the same sense previously used with reference to theV carrying of plutonium. In both cases a carrier may be considered to be a substantially insoluble, solid, finely divided compound capable of ionizing to yield at least one inorganic cation and to yield at least one anion which constitutes an ionic component of a compound which containsthe ion to be carried, said latter compound being not substantially more soluble than said finely divided compound in the same solution. Taking lanthanum liuoride as an illustrative carrier, it may be seen that the fiuoride anion constitutes an ionic component of a soluble compound of hexavalent plutonium, plutonyl fluoride, and an ionic component of insoluble compounds of various uranium fission products, eg., fluorides of radioactive lanthanum and of yttrium, cerium, and other rare earths. Similarly, the phosphate anion of a zirconium phosphate carrier constitutes an ionic component of a soluble compound of hexavalent plutonium, plutonyl phosphate, and an ionic component of insoluble compounds of various uranium fission products, eg., phosphates of radioactive zirconium and of strontium, yttrium, etc.

As has previously been pointed out, general decontamination may be effected lby the use of any of the carriers which are suitable for carrying trivalent or tetravalent plutonium. Improved decontamination with respect to a specific contaminant however, may be effected by the choice of a carrier cation which is isotopic or isomorphic with the contaminating cation. In the case of a plurality of contaminants, such as the uranium fission products, a plurality of different carliers may be precipitated simultaneously or successively from the same solution of hexavalent plutonium. Such carriers may differ as to cation, as to anion, or as to both. When a plurality of carriers are precipitated simultaneously, a convenient method is to employ a plurality of cations which are precipitable by the same anion. Thus, the simultaneous precipitation of lanthanum fluoride (Laf'3 ionic radius 1.06 A.) and ceric fiuoride (Ce+4 ionic-radius 0.89 A.) will remove two different isomorphic series of contaminants.

In order to carry contaminants from aqueous solutions of plutonium, any plutonium which is present in a carryable state is first oxidized to a non-carryable state. This is suitably accomplished by oxidizing any +3 or +4 plutonium to the +6 state in accordance with methods which have previously been discussed in detail in describing another phase of the present invention. In order to maintain the plutonium in the hexavalent state during the contaminant carrying operation, an excess of oxidizing agent is generally incorporated in the solution. The resulting solution is then contacted with the carirer in accordance with any of the procedures which have previously been described with respect to the ,use of plutonium carriers. As in the case of plutonium carrying the preferred procedure -is to precipitate the carrier in situ. The ions may be incorporated in the solution in any order, but the cation is usually added first, followed by an excess of the anion. After digestion of the precipitate for a short time at room temperature, or at a moderately elevated temperature, it is separated from the supernatant solution by any convenient method such as decantation, filtration, or centrifugation.

When using the prefered oxidation-reduction cycle of carrier precipitations, a contaminant carrier may be employed which is identical with the plutonium carrier, or which differs from the plutonium carrier as to cation, as to anion, or as to both. Alternatively, two or more contaminant carriers may be employed simultaneously or successively, one being the same as the plutonium carrier, or all being different from the plutonium carrier. It is generally most convenient to employ at least one carrier of the same chemical composition in both stages of the process. In such case, increased decontamination in the contaminant carrier step may be secure.dif A desired, by the use of a combination of a principal' contaminant carrier of the same chemical composition as the plutonium carrier, together with smaller amounts of auxiliary contaminant carriers termed scavengers. The auxiliary carriers may suitably be any carriers for the contaminants present in the solution which may be precipitated from the same solution from which the principal contaminant carrier is to be precipitated and which are not isomorphic with the principal contaminant carrier. When decontamination with respect to radioactive uranium fission products is desired, suitable scavengers comprise insoluble compounds of radioactively inert isotopes of the ssion products. Such scaveugers are conveniently co-precipitated with the principal contaminant carrier. The principal and auxiliary carriers may, however, be precipitated successively, in any order, from the oxidized plutonium solution.

The two stages of the oxidation-reduction carrier cycle' may be carried out in any order, i.e., the rst carrying may be effected from an oxidized plutonium solution or from a reduced plutonium solution as desired.V If the first carrier is precipitated from an oxidized plutonium solution, the precipitate is separated and discarded, and the plutonium in the supernatant solution is then reduced to a carryable state by any of the methods which have previously been described. The plutonium carrier is then precipitated in the resulting solution. If excess anion was employed in precipitating the preceding contaminant carrier, and the same compound is to be precipitated as the plutonium carrier, this may be accomplished simply by adding the desired quantity of the carrier cation. The plutonium-carrying precipitate is then digested in the usual manner and separated from the supernatant solution. The precipitate is suitably redissolved in relatively strong mineral acid and the resulting solution is then diluted to the desired concentration for subsequent processing. The plutonium in thisVV solution stages to achieve simultaneous concentration of plutonium with respect to its carrier.

The following example illustrates decantamination by an oxidation-reduction carrier cycle:

`EXAMPLE is Plutom'um was separated from the uranium and ssion product contained in uranyl nitrate hexahydrate which had receved 1001Y milliam-pere hours neutron bombardment. The uranyl nitrate had been stored for approximately four weeks after bombardment, and it contained a substantial amount of 94 Pu239 but was practically free from 93 Np239. The 94 P1123? was separated by the following procedure: n

Approximately 1053 parts by weight of the :bombarded uranyl nitrate hexa'hydrate described above, and approximately 30 parts'by weight of thorium nitratedodecahydrate, were dissolved in suflicient nitric acid to produce a solution of 2 N with respect to nitric acid after the addition ofr3l86 parts by Aweight of a 0.35 M potassium iodate solution. Suficient radioactive plutonium, 94 Pu238, was incorporated as a tracer to -give an a count of 10,00() per minute per m1. of the final mixture. y

The potassium iodate solution was then added, producing a solution having a uranium concentration of approximately 0.050 g. U per mi. This solution, containing the resulting thorium iodate precipitate, was allowed to stand for twenty minutes at room temperature.

The thorium iodate precipitate, containing the bulk of the plutonium, was then filtered ofi 'and washed with a y 23 solution 1.0M with respect to nitric acid and 0.1 M with respect to potassium iodate. The washed precipitate was dissolved in 1188 parts by Wegiht of 12. N hydrochloric acid, 2198 parts by Weight of 0.5 M sodium dichrornate solution was added, and the resulting solution was then diluted with water to a concentration 2.4 N with respect to hydrochloric acid and 0.1 M with respect to sodium dichromate. This solution was then digested for one-half hour at 65 C. to effect oxidation of the Pu+4 to Pu-H.

The Puf6 solution was then cooled to room temperature, after which 4248 parts by weight of 0.35 M potassium iodate solution was added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for twenty minutes at room temperature. The resulting thorium iodate precipitate, containing the bulk of the iission products, was iiltered off and washed in the same manner as the first thorium iodate precipitate.

The distribution of the plutonium and ssion products between the irst thorium iodate precipitate, the rst supernatant, liquid, the second thorium iodate precipitate, and the second supernatant liquid, was determined by measurement of the a, and 'y radiation omitted. For this purpose, blank determinations were iirst made on the original mixture, prior to the separation of the first thorium iodate precipitate. The o: count on this origina-l mixture was taken to be that of the added 94 Pu238. Aliquots were analyzed for total count, and for total count corrected for the UX1 count, by means of Geiger-Mueller counters and Well known techniques. Aliquots of the two thorium iodate precipitates and of the two supernatant liquids were then analyzed for and ry activities in the same manner.

The plutonium content of the two thorium iodate precipitates yand of the two supernatant liquids was recovered by an 'additional precipitation in each case, and the o: activity of each of the precipitates was then determined. Since 94 Pu238 and 94 Pu23g have identical chemical properties, the distribution of 94 Pu238, as indicated by the a counts, also represented the distribution of the 94 P11239.

The distribution of uranium, plutonium, and fission products obtained by the above separation procedure is shown in the following table:

Table 7 Percentage of original substance The following example illustrates concentra-tion of plutonium with respect to its carrier, as well as decontamination, in an oxidation-reduction carrier cycle:

EXAMPLE 19 Lanthanum uoride, carrying plutonium as the only alpha-active component, and carrying beta-active contaminants, was disolved in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. The solution was evaporated until fumes of sulfur trioxide were evolved and was then cooled and diluted with Water to 30 times the volume of the turning solution. A mixture of potassium peroxydisulfate and silver nitrate in a ratio of 20 to l was then added and the solution Was digested for 15 minutes to eiect oxidation of the plutonium to the hexavalent state. Hydrofluoric acid was then added in a concentration in excess of the equivalent concentration of lanthanum ion. After digestion for minutes the lanthanum fluoride precipitate Was separated by centrifuging.

The centrifugate was r`evaporated until fumes of sulfur trioxide were evolved, thus destroying the peroxydisulfate and effecting reduction of the plutonium to the tetravalent state, and the solution was then cooled and diluted with water. Lanthanum ion, an amount less than that in the preceding precipitate, together with an excs of hydrofluoric acid, were then introduced. The resulting lanthanum fluoride precipitate was separated by centrifuging, Washed with dilute hydrofluoric acid, and dried.

The ratios of plutonium to lanthanum fluoride carrier in the initial material and in .the iual precipitate were determined on the basis of alpha radiation and Weight of lanthanum. lt was found that the ratio of plutonium to carrier in the iinal precipitate was 131% of the ratio in the initial material, whereas the ratio of beta contamination to carrier in the inal precipitate was only 13 of the ratio in the initial material.

The following example illustrates an oxidation-reduction carrier cycle utilizing simultaneous precipitation of two contaminant carriers, one of which contains the saine cation element as the plutonium carrier and the other of which differs from the plutonium carrier as to both cation and anion.

EXAMPLE 20 A cerous fluoride precipitate carrying plutonium as the only alpha-active component, and carrying beta-active contaminants, was subjected to radioactive analysis for total alpha and beta radiation. The precipitate was dissolved in nitric and sulfuric acids, the solution evaporated to dryness, and the residue dissolved in aqueous nitric acid. An excess of potassium bromate was introduced and the bromate ion, catalyzed by ceriurn, oxidized the plutonium from the tetravalent to the hexavalent state. A substantial proportion of the cerous ion was simultaneously oxidized to ceric ion. Thorium ion and anexcess of iodate ion -Were then introduced to precipitate mixed thorium and ceric iodates. This precipitate was separated by centrifuging and was dissolved and reprecipitated with additional thorium and iodate ions.

The centrifugates from the two iodate precipitates were combined and evaporated with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The resulting solution was cooled, and sulfur dioxide was introduced to reduce the hexavalent plutonium. Hydrofluoric acid was then added, and the resulting cerous uoride precipitate was separated by entifuging, washed with dilute hydrouoric acid, and

rre

Radioactive analysis of the iodate precipitates showed them to be inactive with respect to alpha radiation, thus indicating no by-product loss of plutonium. Analysis of the final plutonium-carrying cerous fluoride precipitate showed it to contain only one third of the beta radiation of the initial cerous iiuoride precipitate.

The following example illustrates the separation of specic contaminants from a plutonium solution by means of a carrier precipitation:

EXAMPLE 2l A lanthanum fluoride precipitate carrying plutonium as the only alpha-active component, and -a second lanthanum uoride precipitate containing no alpha-active component and carrying UX1 and UY as the only betaactive components were subjected to radioactive analyses for alpha radiation and beta radiation.

The vtwo precipitates were combined and dissolved in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. The solution was evaporated until fumes of sulfur trioxide were evolved, and was then cooled and diluted with Water to about 30 times the volume of the turning solution. A mixture of potassium peroxydisulfate yand silver nitrate, in a ratio of 20 to l, was then added and the resulting solution was digested for 15 minutes to effect oxidation of the plutonium to the hexavalent state. Hydrofluoric acid was then added to the solution in a concentration in excess of the equivalent concentration of lanthanum ion. After digestion for five minutes, the lanthanum uoride precipitate was separated by centrifuging, and was then Washed with dilute hydrouoric acid and dried.

The precipitate was subjected to radioactive analysis for alpha and beta radiation, and was found to contain at least 34.1 percent of the original UX1 land UY but less than 0.34 percent of the original plutonium.

It is to be understood, of course, that the above examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of this phase of the present invention. Other equivalent carriers and operating procedures may be substituted for the particular carriers and procedures of the examples, in accordance with the foregoing general description.

A further phase of the present invention relates to improved methods for the concentration and decontamination of plutonium, 'and particularly to methods employing a plurality of plutonium carriers of different chemical composition.

An object of this aspect of the invention Iis to provide -a multi-stage multi-carrier process for the separation off plutonium from mixtures of plutonium and contaminating elements.

Another object of this phase of the invention is to provide a process for alternately carrying plutonium on carriers of different chemical composition, whereby the plutonium is concentrated with respect to its carrier.

A further object -is to provide a process for the separation of plutonium yfrom uranium fission products by a combination of plutonium carrier precipitations and iission product carrier precipitations, employing a plurality of plutonium carriers of different chemical composition, whereby the plutonium is decontaminated with respect to uranium fission products and concentrated with respect to its carrier.

Additional objects and advantages of this aspect of the present invention will be evident from the KJfollowing description.

In accordance with one modification of this phase of the invention, plutonium is carried from an aqueous solution by means of a first plutonium carrier, the carrier and its `associated plutonium are dissolved to form a second aqueous solution, and plutonium is separated from the second solution by means of a second carrier which differs in chemical composition from the first carrier. In such a process successive plutonium carriers may be chosen which are non-carriers for different contaminating elements, thus improving the decontamination over that obtainable from the successive use of the same plutonium carrier. Thus, in the decontamination of plutonium with respect to uranium fission products, the use of la plurality of non-isomo-rphic plutonium carriers will permit a plurality of different isomorphic series of fission products to be separated with the different supernatant solutions. f

The alternate use of different plutonium carriers also facilitates the concentration of plutonium with respect to its carrier. The ratio of carrier to plutonium may be successively decreased in each cycle of the process. VEach' carrier may be dissolved in a smaller volume of solution than that required for the preceding carrier; and a solution may finally be obtained from which a plutonium corn-r pound may be precipitated without any carrier. Such concentration may be effected simultaneously with de contamination, as in the recovery of plutonium from solutions or precipitates containing uranium iisson products. Alternatively, the concentration Vmay lbe applied to previously decontaminated solutions or carrier precipitates, or for the recovery of plutonium from dilute waste solutions, or the like.

The successive carriers in the present process may differ in cations or in anions or in iboth, 'and the cations may differ as to their chemical elements or only with respect to the state of oxidation of the same element. In any case, however, the conditions yfor the precipitation of a subsequent carrier should be such that at least one of the ions of the preceding carrier remains in solution. Since reduction in carrier ratio in successive cycles is difficult in the case of common cations, or common cation elements, it is desirable to employ successive carriers having different cation metals, and we prefer to employ combinations of carriers which differ bothin cations and in anions.

Although the carriers may be employed as preformed iinely divided solids, it is preferable to precipitate the carrier in situ since the latter procedure usually permits a lower carrier ratio and results in more quantitative carrying of plutonium. Substantially the same techniques for carrier precipitation may be employed in our multiple carrier process as have previously ybeen described 'for single carrier procedures. 'In general, it is desirable to incorporate the carrier cation in the solution, agitate while adding the carrier anion, and digest the resultingY mixture prior to separating the precipitate.

Each precipitate is suitably dissolved in the volume of solution -trom which thesubsequent carrier may be precipitated substantially free from the preceding carrier. 'Ilhe use of different solvents in succeeding stages will facilitate volume reductiomvbuttheA same'solvent may be used if the concentrations are suitably adjusted. We generally prefer to employ aqueous solvents and to modify their solvent power from stage to stage by adjustment of ionic concentrations. Thus, `an aqueous so-V lution of an inorganic acid or base may be used as the Y solvent in successive stages of our process and the pH may be adjusted to increase the solvent power from stage to stage. Also, precipitation of a carrier in the presence of -a large excess of one of the carrier ions will Vpermit redissolving in a smaller volume of the same solvent inthe absence of such excess ion. Alternatively, 'an additional ion may Ibe introduced to form a soluble complex with the cation of the preceding carrier. Other equivalent procedures for reducing the volume of solution from stage tol stage and for precipitating la carrier free Ifrom preceding carrier will be levident to those skilled in the art.

The ratio of carrier to plutonium in the present process may vary over ta Wide range depending on the plutonium concentration of the original solution Iaud upon the efiectiveness of the particular carrier employed. Ratios ranging from 10,000/ 1 or higher in the iirst stage of the process Vto 10/1 yor lower in the dinal stage may be used. However, the ratio will generally fall within the range 1,000/1 to 100/1. Y

VVAfter one or more carrier precipitations in `accordance with the present concentration procedure, a final precipitation may be made lwith a sufficiently low ratio of carrier to plutonium so that the precipitate may be dissolved in `a small volume of solution Iand la plutonium compound may then be precipitated di-rectlyk Iwithout a carrier. If an isomorphic carrier is employed in the unal carrier stage of the process, it will be necessary to change the valence state of the plutonium, or of the carrier cation, in the -final solution in order to make la iinal precipitation of -a plutonium compound free from carrier. `On the other hand, if the clinal carrier is non-isomorphic with plutonium it will only be necessary to select conditions for the iinal precipitation of the plutonium compound such that at least the cation of the carrier remains in solution.

This modification of the present invention will be further illustrated by the following specific examples:

EXAMPLE 22 A cerous fluoride precipitate carrying plutonium las the only alpha-active component, and carrying beta-active contaminants, was analyzed for plutonium content by measuring its alpha radiation With ya proportional counter,

Iand was analyzed for loeta radiations by means of a calibrated electroscope.

- The precipitate was dissolved in a mixture of nitric "and sulfuric acids by heating. 'Ihorium ion and an ex ,cess of iodate ion were introduced into the hot solution,

Thorium iodate precipitated from the mixture on cooling and was separated by centrifuging. Additional thorium was introduced into the supernatant liquid, and the -resulting second thorium iodate precipitate Was separated by iiltration. The filtrate Was then evaporated to onehalf of its original volume and cooled to form a third thorium iodate precipitate which was then separated by iiltration.

The three thorium iodate precipitates were ranalyzed for alpha and beta radiation, and it was found that they contained 100 percent of the original alpha radiation, and only percent of the original beta radiation. This change to a carrier difering `from the original carrier in both Vanion and cation was then accomplished with quantitative recovery of plutonium and with a to l decontamination with respect to beta radiation.

EXAMPLE 23 Orthophosphoric acid was added to a nitric acid solution of neutron bombarded uranyl nitrate hexahydrate containing lanthanum nitrate and zirconium nitrate to form a solution 3 N with respect to nitric acid, 0.06 M with respect to phosphoric acid, containing approximately 114.5 g. of luranyl nitrate hexahydrate per liter, and having a lanthanum concentration of 0.03 g. per liter and a zirconium concentration of 0.1 g. per liter. The resulting zirconium phosphate precipitate was separated and washed with 3 N HNOS-0.05 M H3PO4. The precipitate was then dissolved in concentrated nitric acid, lanthanum nitrate and concentrated hydrouoric acid were introduced and sufcient Water Was added to form a solution 1.05 N with respect to nitric acid, 4.76 N with respect to hydrofluoric acid, and having a zirconium concentration of 0.066 g. per liter and a lanthanum concentration of 0.02 g. per liter. The resulting lanthanum fluoride precipitate was then separated from the supernatant solution and washed with dilute hydrofluoric acid.

The plutonium concentrations of the initial solution and of the nal precipitate were determined by alpha radiation measurements and it was found that at least 86 percent of the initial plutonium Was recovered in the iinal precipitate. The ratio of Weight of plutonium to weight of carrier in the linal precipitate was increased by a concentration factor of 6.6 over the ratio in the lirst carrier precipitate.

The degree of decontamination with respect to gammaactive uranium iission products was determined by measuring the total gamma radiation of the initial, intermediate, and nal materials. The distribution of the gamma radiation Was found to be as follows:

28 EXAMPLE 24 An aqueous solution, about 0.36 YN with respect to hydrogen peroxide and about 0.45 N with respect to ammonium ion, was prepared from neutron irradiated uranyl nitrate hexahydrate. The uranium concentration was approximately 47.4 g. per liter (100 g. of hexahydrate per liter), and the solution contained La+3, Bai-3, and Zr0+2 as hold-back carriers in concentrations of 0.2 g. per liter. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 2.6 by means of ammonium hydroxide, and the resulting uranium peroxide precipitate (probably a basic peroxidic uranium nitrate) was separated from the supernatant solution and washed with dilute aqueous hydrogen peroxide.

The precipitate was then dissolved in concentrated nitric acid, and the resulting solution was partially neutralized with ammonium hydroxide and diluted with Water to form a solution having a uranium concentration of 47.4 g. per liter and a pH of 2.6. The resulting precipitate was separated from the supernatant solution, and dissolved in concentrated nitric acid.

The concentrated nitric acid solution was diluted to a nit-ric acid concentration of about 0.6 N and a uranium concentration of about 50.7V g. per liter. Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate was then incorporated in the solution in a concentration of about 90 mg. per liter and excess aqueous hydroiluoric acid was added to precipitate lanthanum fluoride. The precipitate was then separated and washed with dilute aqueous hydrouoric acid.

The recovery of plutonium through the above three stage carrier precipitation process was lfound to be 92 percent of that obtainable in a single stage process employing lanthanum fluoride as the carrier. The decontamination with respect to gamma-active uranium ssion products obtained in the three stage process was determined by measuring the total gamma radiation of various fractions throughout the process. The distribution of the gamma radiation was found to be as follows:

Fraction: Percent of total gamma radiation Original solution 100.0

n The above results illustrate the ineiciency of decontami- Frrst supernatant solutlon 64.3 nation by repeated use of the same carrier as compared Final supernatant solution 33.0 to the alternate use of carriers of different chemical com- Fmal precipitate 2.7 position.

Additional examples of suitable alternate carrier com- Total 100.0 binauons Iare shown in the following table:

Table 8 Preceding Carrier precipitate Subsequent Subsequent carrier Final solution solution precipitate solution AC1. HNOQ--. (ZIO)B(PO4)2 Aq. HNOS-.. Aq. HNOS-- UO H o Aq. HNOa--- Aq.no1--.-- Aq. HN03 Aq. nNOam Aq. NaOH Aq. NaOH-.. Aq. NaOH.-. Aq. HNom Aq. HNOQ... O4.XH20 Aq. HNO3-..- (ZrO)3 PO4)2. Aq.HNo3 (zronuaopz Aq. nC1- Thuoan Followed by reduction of PuOi+2 to lEuH.

The decontamination obtainable in the alternate carrier process described above may be substantially improved by the use of one or more contaminant carrying steps between successive plutonium carrying steps of the cycle. Thus, in decontaminating plutonium with respect to uranium ssion products, a plutonium carrier is suitably precipitated from a dilute solution of plutonium and fission products; the precipitate is redissolved to form a second solution; at least one fission product carrier is precipitated and separated from this solution; and a second plutonium carrier, differing in chemical composition from the first plutonium carrier, is then precipitated and separated from the solution. Simultaneous concentration of plutonium may be secured in this process in the same manner as in the process employing no intervening contaminant carriers, i.e. by successively reducing carrier ratios and solution volumes.

This modification ofthe present Yinvention will be further illustrated by the following specific example.`

EXAMPLE 25 C fission products, Was dissolved in concentrated hydro- In this moditication of the present process, the intervening fission product carriers may be the same as one or both of the plutonium carriers, or may be chemically distinct from both of the plutonium carriers. From the standpoint of decontamination, it is generally desirable to follow a plutonium carrier with the same carrier, or one isomorphic therewith, as a fission product carrier. Conversely, more complete decontamination may be secured in the final plutonium-carrying precipitation of the cycle if the plutonium carrier is isomorphic with the plutonium compound to be carried but is not isomorphic with the preceding fission product carrier. However, if two intervening fission product carriers are employed, it is generally more convenient to use the same carriers as the preceding and subsequent plutonium carriers.

In order to employ the same compound successively as a plutonium carrier and as a fission product carrier, conditions must be employed which prevent the carrying of plutonium in the fission-product-carrying precipitation. This may conveniently be accomplished by changing the state of oxidation of the plutonium in the manner previously described for oxidation-reduction cyclesv with a single plutonium carrier.

In the preferred process of this phase of the present invent, the plutonium is carried in the +4 valence state and is maintained in solution in the |6 valence state while carrying fission products. In accordance with one modification of this process, an operating cycle comprises the precipitation of a carrier for I4 plutonium, solution of the precipitate, oxidation of the plutonium to the +6 chloric acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid was added and the solution was evaporated ,until sulfur trioxide -fumes were evolved. Concentrated nitric acid was then added and the solution was again evaporated until sulfur trioXide was evolved. The resulting solution, which had a thorium concentration of about l g. per liter, was diluted `with about 30 times its volume of Water, and potassium peroxydisulfate and a trace of silver nitrate were added, together with lanthanum ion to a concentration of about 32 mg. per liter. The solution was then wanmed and digested for one-half hour to eiect oxidation of the plutonium to the heXavalent state. Hydroiluoric acid in excess of the equivalent lanthanum concentration was then added and the resulting lanthanum fluoride precipitate, with its associated fission products, was separated by centrifuging.

The centrifugate was heated for one hour below the boiling point and was then evaporated until sulfur trioxide fumes Were evolved thus effecting reduction of the hexavalent plutonium. The resulting solution was cooled and diluted with water, and lanthanum ion was introduced in an amount equal to that employed in the preceding precipitation. Hydrofluoric acid in excess of theV equivalent lanthanum concentration was then added, and the lanthanum fluoride precipitate, with its associated plutonium was separated by centrifuging.

- Radioactive analyses of the initial and subsequent precipitates showed that the lanthanum lfluor-ide precipitate from the oxidized plutonium solution contained less than 3 percent of the plutonium which was present in the initial thorium iodateprecipitate, whereas the final plutonium-carrying lanthanum fluoride precipitate contained less than '14 percent ofthe beta-active fission products which were present in the original thorium iodate precipitate.

Additional carrier combinations which are suitable for a cycle including a single fission product carrier precipitation between precipitations of different plutonium carriers are set forth in Table 9:

Table 9 Preceding First pluto- Metathe- Fission prod- Reducing Second pluto- Metathe- Final solution nium carrier sizmg Subsequent solution Oxidizing agent uct carrier agent nium carrier sizing solution precipitate agent precipitate precipitate agent (ZrO)3(PO4)2 LaFa LaFa-l-CeF4.. SO L82(C204)3 LaFa Th(IO3)4 La2(C204)a- Ce(IO3)4 NaNOz-- H K C SFA CSPOl Aq. HNO3 KMJ1O4- H202-.-" Aq, Th(CnO4)g.. Aq. HNOa-i-Kzcrio?. KzCl'zOv HzCzO4-- Aq, Tl1F4 Aq. HNOa K2S20-I-AQNO3- ThF H202- Aq. U(C2O4)r Aq. HNO3+K2CI`2OL KzC1201 SO2 Aq. HNOz-. (ZIO)3(PO4)2 Aq. HNOa+HF K2CI`207 LaFs H2Oz Aq. HNO3 (ZrO)3(PO4)a Aq. HNOs KzSzOs-I-AgNOa. (ZrO)3(P04)a SO2 state, precipitation of a ssion product carrier which may be the same as, or different from, the preceding plutonium carrier, reduction of the plutonium to the +4 state, precipitation of a second plutonium carrier chemically distinct from the tirst plutonium carrier, and solution of the second precipitate to form a smaller volume of solution than that resulting from the dissolution of the rst precipitate.

In the preferred modification of this phase of the present invention two or more fission product carriers of different chemical composition are employed between the first and second plutonium carriers of the cycle. In this manner maximum decontamination as well as maximum concentration may be accomplished in a single cycle of the process. Suitable carrier combinations for two fission product carrier precipitations between the fil-stand secaccesar ond plutonium carrier precipitations of a cycle are set forth in Table l:

lt is to be understood, of course, that the above examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of this phase of the present invention. Other equivalent carriers and operating procedures may be substituted for the particular carriers and procedures of the examples, in accordance with the foregoing general description.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to new compositions of matter and methods of preparing same.

This phase of the invention contemplates all inor ganic compositions of plutonium, and methods for their preparation.

An object of this aspect of the invention is to provide oxygenated plutonium compounds, particularly oxy, hydroxy, and peroxy compounds of plutonium, and suitable procedures for their preparation.

Another object is to provide plutonium salts of inorganic acids and methods for preparing such salts.

A further object is to provide elemental metallic plutonium and suitable methods for its production.

Additional objects of this phase of the present invention will be evident from the following description.

In the recovery of plutonium from neutron irradiated uranium by the decontamination and concentration procedures previously described, a precipitate may iinally be obtained which consists of a single carrier and a substantially pure plutonium compound having the same anion as the carrier. Such a precipitate desirably has a low carrier-to-plutonium ratio, eg. 100/1 or lower. When a precipitate of this character is dissolved in a minimum quantity of an aqueous inorganic acid, substantially pure oxygenated compounds of plutonium may be precipitated from the resulting solution.

The term oxygenated compound of plutonium, as used herein and in the appended claims, signifies a compound having at least one oxygen atom directly bonded to a plutonium atom. Plutonium peroxide and the various basic peroxidic salts of tetravalent plutonium are ex amples of plutonium compounds having directly bound oxygen. These compounds may be precipitated from acidic solutions of tetravalent or hexavalent plutonium by the addition of a suitable peroxide, preferably hyd-rogen peroxide. The resulting hydrated precipitates are commonly mixtures of compounds having different ratios of oxy groups, peroxy groups, and acid anions, with the result that the over-all ratios are generally non-integral. Representative products of this class are shown below:

Such products may contain hydrated compounds of the` following types:

The following example illustrates the preparation of a basic peroxidic plutonium nitrate-sulfate:

EXAMPLE 26 A lanthanum iluoride-plutonium liuoride precipitate containing about 25% by weight of plutonium tetrafluoride is fumed with concentrated sulfuric Vacid until no further hydrogen fluoride isV evolved. The material isl thendissolved in aqueous nitric acid to form a solution 1.0 N with respect to nitric acid and 0.1 M with respect to sulfuric acid, having a lanthanum concentration of about 37.1 g. per liter, and a plutonium concentration of about 13.2 g. per liter. Aqueous hydrogen peroxide (30% H2O2, by weight) is then added over aV period of one hour, at 20 C., in an` amount such that the nal solution contains 10% H2O2 by weight. The slurry is then digested for one hour at 20 C. and filtered. The product thus obtained is a blue-green solid corresponding to an empirical formula Pu(O-)v(NO3)W(SO4)x(O=)y-ZH2O. It is readily soluble in acids and is useful for the preparation of other plutonium compounds.

Plutonium hydroxides and the various basic salts of tetravalent plutonium are `additional examples of plutonium compounds having directly boundl oxygen. Compounds of this class may be precipitated by neutralizing acidic solutions of trivalent or tetravalent plutonium. The resulting products are obtained as hydrated precipitates comprising mixtures of different compounds such that the over-all ratio of hydroxide ion to acid anion is` 

1. A PROCESS OF SEPARATING PLUTONIUM VALUES FROM FISSION PRODUCT VALUES CONTAINED IN AN AQUEOUS ACID SOLUTION, COMPRISING SECURING SAID PLUTONIUM VALUES IN A MAXIMUM VALENCE STATE OF +4, INCORPORATING A FIRST CARRIER INTO SAID SOLUTION WHEREBY SAID FISSION PRODUCT VALUES AND SAID PLUTONIUM VALUES ARE PRECIPITATED ON SAID FIRST CARRIER, SAID FIRST CARRIER BEING SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF LANTHANUM FLUORIDE, LANTHANUM OXALATE, CEROUS FLUORIDE, CEROUS PHOSPHATE, CERIC IODATE, ZIRCONYL PHOSPHATE, THORIUM IODATE AND THORIUM FLUORIDE, SEPARATING SAID PLUTONIUM- AND FISSION-PRODUCTS-CONTAINING FIRST CARRIER FROM THE SOLUTION, DISSOLVING SAID FIRST CARRIER IN MINERAL ACID, ADDING TO THE MINERAL ACID SOLUTION FORMED AN OXIDIZING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE, POTASSIUM DICHROMATE, CERIC NITRATE AND POTASSOUM PERSULFATE PLUS SILVER NITRATE WHEREBY SAID PLUTONIUM VALUES ARE OXIDIZED TO THE HEXAVALENT STATE; ADDING A SECOND CARRIER TO SAID MINERAL ACID SOLUTION WHEREBY SAID FISSION PRODUCT VALUES PRECIPITATE ON SAID SECOND CARRIER, SAID SECOND CARRIER BEING SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF LANTHANUM FLUORIDE, LANTHANUM OXALATE, CERIUM FLOURIDES, CEROUS PHOSPHATE, CERIC IODATE, ZIRCONYL PHOSPHATE, THORIUM IODATE AND THORIUM FLUORIDE; SEPARATING SAID SECOND CARRIER FROM THE PLUTONIUM VALUES-CONTAINING SOLUTION; ADDING TO THE PLUTONIUMVALUES-CONTAINING SOLUTION A REDUCING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, OXALIC ACID, 